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第 1 章:Lagrange 力学
1.1 基本概念
广义动量 \(p_i = \dfrac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{q}_i}\) 守恒。
\[h = \sum_i \dot{q}_i \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{q}_i} - L\]
当 \(T\) 是 \(\dot{q}_i\) 的二次齐次函数时,\(h = T + V = E\)。
1.2 单摆与球面摆
\[L = \tfrac{1}{2}ml^2\dot\theta^2 + mgl\cos\theta\]
运动方程:\(\ddot\theta + \dfrac{g}{l}\sin\theta = 0\);小角近似:\(\omega_0 = \sqrt{g/l}\)。
(a) \(L = \tfrac{1}{2}mR^2(\dot\theta^2 + \sin^2\!\theta\,\dot\phi^2) + mgR\cos\theta\)
(b) \(\phi\) 为循环坐标,\(p_\phi = mR^2\sin^2\!\theta\,\dot\phi = M_z\) 守恒(角动量 \(z\) 分量);\(L\) 不显含 \(t\),能量 \(E = \tfrac{1}{2}mR^2(\dot\theta^2+\sin^2\!\theta\,\dot\phi^2) - mgR\cos\theta\) 守恒。
(c) 水平圆:\(\dot\theta=0,\ddot\theta=0\),由 \(\theta\) 的 E-L 方程:
\[mR^2\ddot\theta = mR^2\sin\theta\cos\theta\,\dot\phi^2 - mgR\sin\theta = 0\]
\[\Rightarrow \omega = \dot\phi = \sqrt{\frac{g}{R\cos\theta_0}}\]
1.3 约束与广义力
能量守恒(从顶部静止):\(\tfrac{1}{2}mR^2\dot\theta^2 = mgR(1-\cos\theta)\),故 \(\dot\theta^2 = \dfrac{2g(1-\cos\theta)}{R}\)。
法向(向心)方程:\(mg\cos\theta - N = mR\dot\theta^2\),故
\[N = mg\cos\theta - 2mg(1-\cos\theta) = mg(3\cos\theta - 2)\]
\(N=0\) 时 \(\cos\theta = 2/3\)。
(a) 无滑动约束:\(\dot\phi = \dot x/r\),故
\[T = \tfrac{1}{2}m\dot x^2 + \tfrac{1}{2}I\dot\phi^2 = \tfrac{1}{2}m\dot x^2 + \tfrac{1}{4}mr^2\cdot\frac{\dot x^2}{r^2} = \tfrac{3}{4}m\dot x^2\]
\[L = \tfrac{3}{4}m\dot x^2 - (-mgx\sin\alpha) = \tfrac{3}{4}m\dot x^2 + mgx\sin\alpha\]
(b) E-L 方程:\(\tfrac{3}{2}m\ddot x = mg\sin\alpha\),故 \(\ddot x = \dfrac{2g\sin\alpha}{3}\)。
(c) 纯滑动加速度为 \(g\sin\alpha\),滚动时减小为其 \(2/3\)。
1.4 中心力场
\[L = \tfrac{1}{2}m(\dot r^2 + r^2\dot\phi^2) - V(r)\]
\[l = mr^2\dot\phi \quad(\text{守恒})\]
\[V_\text{eff}(r) = V(r) + \frac{l^2}{2mr^2}\]
\[r(\phi) = \frac{p}{1 + e\cos\phi}, \quad p = \frac{l^2}{m\alpha}, \quad e = \sqrt{1 + \frac{2El^2}{m\alpha^2}}\]
\(E < 0\) 时 \(0 \le e < 1\),轨道为椭圆。